卷首语

光阴迅忽从1994年夏酝酿编辑《藏外佛教文献》算起至今已两年有余而《藏外佛教文献》的第三辑也终于送到读者诸君面前从第一辑出版以来我们收到海内外不少读者的来信有的对我们的工作表示热情的支持有的向我们提供新的未入藏佛教文献的信息有的对我们的整理本提出补正意见也有的寄来资助款项希望我们能够把这件有意义的事情坚持做下去在此谨代表编委会全体成员向关心本书成长的诸位读者表示衷心的感谢向对本书出版给予大力支持的中国佛教文化研究所香港志莲净苑山西省佛教文化事业总公司及其他有关单位与个人表示衷心的感谢我们相信在大家的支持与帮助下《藏外佛教文献》一定能够坚持出版下去直至完成它的历史使命

在此先把《藏外佛教文献》第三辑刊登的文献作一个简单的介绍

「敦煌禅籍」专栏刊登敦煌禅文献两篇

《菩萨总持法》由禅宗南宗慧能系传人所撰内容与托名菩提达摩所撰的《观心论》有类似之处两者的关系有待研究这一文献最早由日本田中良昭先生在法国敦煌特藏中發现發表过录文与研究这次则由日本著名佛教学者上山大峻先生与我国敦煌研究院年轻研究人员袁德领先生參照在北京图书馆新發现的该文献的另一个抄本按照《藏外佛教文献》的体例要求重新作了整理这样就给研究者提供了一个新的整理本敦煌学已经是一门世界性的学问佛教文献的整理本来就是一项需要不断精益求精的工作因此我们欢迎世界各国的有关学者都来从事敦煌遗书中佛教文献的整理欢迎有关学者对已经整理过的文献作进一步的精益求精的努力共同把这项人类的文化事业做好我们也热烈欢迎所有从事这一工作的先生在《藏外佛教文献》上發表他们在这一方面的研究成果

《大乘起世论》也是禅宗南宗慧能系传人的作品从思想上看这篇文献所反映的南宗思想更为纯熟从风格上看这篇文献已经出现类似棒喝的机锋考虑到该文献抄写于敦煌被吐蕃统治时期因此它的产生年代大约在公元八世纪上半叶瞭解《五灯会元》这类后代禅宗典籍的读者在阅读本文献时一定会感到十分面熟这说明南宗的若干宗风可以追溯到本文献产生的年代这对于禅宗的研究无疑具有重要意义我经常考虑这样一个问题禅宗到底是把佛教理论提到到一个前所未有的新高度还是把佛教理论推入了无法發展的死胡同这个问题我还在思考没有能够得出结论本文献对我们追溯禅宗思想的發展历程提供了新的资料

在以后的诸辑中《藏外佛教文献》将继续致力于对敦煌禅文献的整理也欢迎各界朋友的指导与支持

「三藏论疏」专栏刊登文献六篇

唐道液所撰的《净名经集解关中疏》的卷上已经在第二辑中刊出本辑则继续刊登其下卷如第二辑《卷首语》所说该文献虽曾被录文發表在《大正藏》第85卷中但该录文缺失从第五品后半部分到第七品前半部分约一万余字且所选底本不是很好并缺少比较认真的校勘本辑刊登的卷下正包含了《大正藏》缺失的部分想必会引起有关人士的兴趣细心的读者可能会注意到在本辑發表的卷下中我们又校改了《维摩诘所说经》大藏传本的若干错字像《维摩诘所说经》这样重要的经典且经流传千年收入大藏历经前代多少人校勘但它的大藏传本仍遗憾地留有一些错字不仅《维摩诘所说经》诸如《妙法莲华经》《俱舍论》等都有这样的问题这充分说明佛教文献整理的难度之大也充分说明今天我们重新整理佛教文献之必要

《因缘心论颂》《因缘心论释》与《因缘心论释开决记》三篇文献恰成一个系列其中《因缘心论颂》与《因缘心论释》都是印度佛教著名理论家中观学说的创始人龙树所撰缘起论本是释迦牟尼创立的初期佛教的基本理论它通过对十二有支相互生灭的论述说明世界万物都因一定的条件而产生存在与灭亡从而论证了有为法的不可怙恃性与涅槃法的真实性在释迦牟尼的理论体系中缘起论是对世界万有存在方式的一种诠释他并没有否定世界万有本身的存在但龙树认为既然万有都因一定的条件才存在与变化则说明惟有条件才是最基本的而万有本身是派生的由此导出「缘起性空」这一中观学说的基本理论而《因缘心论颂》与《因缘心论释》就是龙树将初期佛教的缘起论改造为缘起性空说的重要著作在龙树的全部著作及中观理论中都占有特殊的地位遗憾的是这两部如此重要的著作约于八世纪左右在西北译出后一直不为中原人士所知自然也没有收入中国传统的大藏经本世纪在敦煌遗书中被發现后人们如获至宝随即将它们编入《大正藏》第32卷由于当时的条件有限收入《大正藏》的文本仅依据英国所藏的两号敦煌遗书录文校勘故有若干错漏本辑發表的《因缘心论颂》依据七号敦煌遗书校勘录文《因缘心论释》则依据八号敦煌遗书校勘录文应该说新整理本的录文校勘质量是比较高的《因缘心论释开决记》应为敦煌某僧人所撰估计是吐蕃统治时期的某位义学高僧遗憾的是我们现在还没有资料能考证出他的姓名该《开决记》对龙树的颂与释都有较为正确的把握因此对中观理论作了很好的阐發把这三篇文献对照起来阅读可以使我们对印度佛教中观思想有更加深刻的瞭解该《开决记》也曾经被录文收入《大正藏》第85卷但录文所依据的英国藏本首存尾残且祇有一号没有校本本辑發表的整理本则依据四号敦煌遗书录文校勘基本恢复了原文献的本来面貌相信这三篇文献的再次整理發表对研究龙树及中观思想的先生们会有若干助益

《金刚经》是佛教的重要著作我国古代曾翻译过六次其中以鸠摩罗什的译本最为流通所以现在流传的有关《金刚经》的注疏所注释的大抵均为罗什译本在敦煌遗书中鸠摩罗什的译本及注疏也占所存《金刚经》及注疏的绝大部分但本辑發表的《金刚经疏》却是对元魏菩提流支译本的注疏所以弥足珍贵不仅如此该文献对《金刚经》的释义颇为精当扼要是关于《金刚经》的优秀注疏之一该注疏未为历代经录所著录也未为历代大藏经所收几年前在北京图书馆發现共三号经鉴定该三号体例相同文字相同内容前后相属本为同一文献而后撕裂的而且该写卷的各纸曾经脱落过后人缀补时粗心故现存写卷的先后顺序有错乱这次整理已经按照正确的次序恢复原状上述三号合缀后所存注疏的内容相当于注疏罗什本《金刚经》的第十四分到第三十二分亦即首部仍有残缺但值得高兴的是该文献的首部最近由參与北京图书馆敦煌遗书编目的赵端禾先生在英国所藏敦煌遗书中發现这样这个文献虽然还没有成为全璧但总算大体完整了遗憾的是卷面的有些地方有残损以致文意残断不全英国所藏本与北图所藏本也不能完全缀接犹如断臂维纳斯给人以残缺之美的同时留给人们一种深深的遗憾不过盈亏乃天道之理万事大约最终总是要留一点遗憾的

吐蕃统治时期敦煌出了一位大德沙门法成他精通汉藏两种文字把不少经典翻译为汉文或藏文他又是个义学高僧在翻译之余向弟子们开讲经论传授义理现在敦煌遗书中保存不少弟子们当年的听讲笔记本辑發表的《瑜伽论卷第四手记》就是其中之一这类《手记》又名《随听记》《随听疏》是弟子们听法成讲解《瑜伽师地论》时所笔录敦煌遗书中保存甚多《大正藏》第85卷整理过其中的很小一部分对于这些《手记》若干年前日本上山大峻先生作过较为详尽的收集梳理列出表格见上山著《敦煌佛教之研究》此后又新發现若干新的资料可以补充由于法成其人及其思想对于研究敦煌当地佛教及汉藏佛教交流有著重要意义也均为我国历代大藏经所不收所以我们计㓰尽可能把有关文献整理出来但由于数量实在太多且这些《手记》均为听课时的笔记字迹比较潦草书写也不规范给整理工作带来很大困难因此我们祇能根据《藏外佛教文献》的篇幅许可及整理工作的进度把这些文献逐步贡献给读者

「疑偽经」专栏刊登文献一篇

佛教传统认为佛有三十二相八十种好这些相好是僧人禅定时观想的对象许多经典中都详细叙述了这些相好的具体内容本辑發表的《相好经》是有人把《观佛三昧海经》中《观相品》及《本行品》的有关内容摘录出来拼缀而成按照中国佛教的传统这类经典理所应当视作偽经由于偽经的这种身份它们大多缺乏必要的整理因而在流传中出现种种互有參差的异本第一辑發表的《天公经》《佛母经》是如此本辑發表的《相好经》也是如此而且情况更为复杂根据目前掌握的情况《相好经》可以分为两大系统五个异本一个经典随著时代的流驰出现如此歧杂的异本在我国古代除了《新菩萨经》等少数小部疑偽经外比较少见当然有些异本相互的差异并不是很大因此究竟是把它们整理为一本好还是分別为异本好还可以再研究本辑發表《相好经》实际也是为大家研究探讨疑偽经的异本分化提供一些基本资料

「研究论文」专栏刊登论文一篇

自三十年代范成和尚于山西赵城广胜寺發现《金藏》蒋唯心發表《金藏雕印始末考》以来《金藏》的声誉日隆但由于资料匮乏对于《金藏》雕印及其后流传过程人们始终若明若暗尤其是所谓《金藏》版片输京贮于弘法寺其后补雕成为《弘法藏》的假说经蒋唯心首创为学术界许多人接受也成为一桩纠缠不清的迷案本辑發表的《〈金藏〉新资料考》对新發现的北京图书馆所藏明代递修《碛砂藏》中关于《金藏》的两条题记作了认真的考证相信这一考证对于澄清在《金藏》问题上的各种说法自会起到积极的作用

最后对几个问题略作说明

《藏外佛教文献》第一辑第二辑所發表的文献整理本一般均用五号楷体印刷但如同一篇文献中还包括注疏则正文用五号楷体注疏用五号书细明体个別有特殊排版要求的文献正文适当放大字号至于题解研究论文等则一律用五号书宋体当时主要考虑尽量利用现有篇幅来扩大该书的容量以多刊登几篇文献该书出版之后不少先生表示书中所用字号太小对于年长者阅读尤其不便希望能够放大字号为此从第三辑开始本书的文献正文一般改为小四号楷体如有注疏则用小四号书宋体至于题解与研究论文仍然一律采用五号书宋体放大字号后本书的容量仍然保持每辑30万字左右基本不变

FOREWORD

Two years and a half have elapsed since we began to prepare for editing the Buddhist Texts Not Contained in the Tripitaka in the summer of 1994, and now we have successfully presented the third number to our dear readers. Since the publication of the first number of our book, we have received many letters from our readers both at home and abroad. Some have extended fervent support to our work; some have afforded us fresh information concerning Buddhist texts not contained in the Tripitaka; some have put forth emendatory suggestions on our collated texts; and the others have sent us some supporting funds, hoping that we can insist on doing this significant work. I hereby would like to express, on behalf of the whole staff of this editorial board, our heartfelt thanks to our readers who have been concerned with the growth of this series of books; to the Institute of Chinese Buddhist Culture, the Zhi Lian Jing Yuan from Hong Kong, the General Corporation of Buddhist Cultural Establishments at Shanxi Province, and other related units and individuals that have rendered great support to the publication of this series of books.

The following is a brief introduction of the main content of the third number of the Buddhist Texts Not Contained in the Tripitaka:

The column "Chan Texts from Dunhuang" publish two Chan texts from Dunhuang.

The Pu Sa Zong Chi Fa was written by a foremost exponent of the Huineng (638-713 AD) system in the Southern Chan School, and it has some substantial similarities with the Guan Xin Lun ascribed to Bodhidharma (?-536 AD); therefore, the relationship between the two texts has yet to be further studied. The text was first discovered by Mr. Ryogho TANAKA, a Japanese scholar, from the special collection of Dunhuang in France, and he published his copied text and studies. The text here has been re-collated, in accordance with the layout of the Buddhist Texts Not Contained in the Tripitaha, by both Mr. Daishun UEYAMA , a noted Japanese Buddhist scholar, and Mr. YUAN Deling, a young research fellow with the Chinese Institute of Dunhuang Studies, with reference to another transcript of the text newly discovered in the Beijing Library. Hence a new collated text to our readers. The Dunhuang studies has already become a worldwide branch of learning, and the collation of the Dunhuang texts as a matter of course needs constant improvement. Consequently, we welcome related scholars of various countries to engage in collating the Buddhist texts among the surviving books from Dunhuang, welcome them to make further efforts to better the collated ones so that we can make a good job of these cultural undertakings of mankind. Those who have been engaged in this work are also welcome to publish their research achievements in this aspect in the Buddhist Texts Not Contained in the Tripitaha.

The Da Cheng Qi Shi Lun was also written by a foremost exponent of the Huineng system in the Southern Chan School. More seasoned was the ideology of the Southern Chan School reflected in the text, and more incisive the author's style. Now that the text was copied when Dunhuang was under the reign of ancient Tibet, it probably dates from the first half of the 8th century AD. The readers will surely feel this text very familiar who know such Chan texts of later ages as the Wu Deng Hui Yuan. This shows that some traits of the Southern Chan School can be traced back to the age when this text was produced and is no doubt of great significance to the studies of the Chan School. I often ponder over such a question: Has the Chan School after all raised the Buddhist theory to an unprecedented new height or has it driven the Buddhist theory into an undevelopable dead end? So far I have not come to a conclusion yet. Therefore, this text has furnished fresh material for us to trace back the developmental process of the Chan School ideology.

In the coming numbers of the Buddhist Texts Not Contained in the Tripitaka, we shall continue to make efforts to collate the Chan texts from Dunhuang, and friends from various circles are welcome to give us guidance and support.

The column "Commentaries on the Tripitaka" brings forth seven texts.

The first fascicle of the Jing Ming Jing Ji Jie Guan Thong Shu, collected by Daoye in the Tang Dynasty (618-907 AD), was published in the second number of this series of books, and we now bring forth the second fascicle of the text. As the "Foreword" to the second number of our book says, in spite of the fact that the text has been collected into the 85th volume of the Dazhengzang, more than 10 thousand Chinese characters from the latter half of the 5th pin (chapter) to the first half of the 7th pin have been missing, and the selected master copy was not very good and lacked relatively serious collation. As it happens, the second fascicle of the text published in this number contains the part the Dazhengzang has lost, and I am assured that it will arouse our readers' interest. Careful readers may notice that, in the second fascicle of the text published in this number, we have corrected a number of wrongly written Chinese characters found in the Vimalakirtinirdesasutra contained in the Dozhengzang. Such an important scripture as the Vimalakirtinirdesasudra, handed down for more than one thousand years, collected into the Dazangjing, has undergone collation by numerous people through the ages, and yet the text included in the Dazangjing, unfortunately, contains some wrongly written Chinese characters. In addition to the Vimalakirtinirdesasutra, texts such as the Saddharmapundarikasutra and the Abhidharmakosasastra, etc. also have this sort of problems. This strongly suggests that it is extremely difficult to collate the Buddhist texts, and also shows clearly that it is highly necessary for us to re-collate the said texts.

A group under this column is properly formed by three texts, the YinYuan Xin Lun Song, the Yin Yuan Xin Lun Shi, and the Yin Yuan Xin Lun Shi Kai Jue Ji, of which the first two were originally written by Nagarjuna, a celebrated Indian Buddhist theoretician and the initiator of the doctrine of the Madhyamika. The theory of the pratityasamutpada is the fundamental theory of the early Buddhism founded by Sakyamuni. By expounding mutual promotion and extermination between the twelve causes (dvadasangapratityasamutpada), it shows that all things on the earth emerge, exist, and get extinct under certain conditions, thus having proved the unreliability of the samskrtadharma and the truthfulness of the nirvanadharma. In Sakyamuni's theoretical system, the theory of the pratityasamutpada was a kind of explanation of the mode of existence of all things on the earth, and he did not deny the existence of these very things. Nevertheless, according to Nagarjuna, only conditions are the most fundamental and all things derived now that they exist and change under certain conditions, thus leading to the pratityasamutpadasvabhavasunya, which is a fundamental theory of the Madhyamika. And the Yin Yuan Xin Lun Song and the Yin Yuan Xin Lun Shi are Nagarjuna's two important works to transform the theory of the pratityasamutpada of the early Buddhism into that of the pratityasamutpadasyabhavasunya, and rank exceptionally among the whole works by Nagarjuna and in the theory of the Madhyamika. Unfortunately, these two very important works had remained unknown to the people of the Central Plains in China and, accordingly, had not been included into the traditional Chinese Dazangjing since their being translated into Chinese in northwest China in the 8th century or so. When they were discovered among the surviving books from Dunhuang in the 20th century, people regarded them as invaluable treasures and promptly collected them into the 32nd volume of the Dazhengzang. Owing to the limited conditions then, the texts included into the Dazhengzang were collated in the light of only two versions of the texts preserved in England as the surviving books from Dunhuang, and hence some errors and omissions. The Yin YuanXin Lun Song and the Yin Yuan Xin Lun Shi published in this number have been collated respectively according to seven and eight versions of the texts among the surviving books from Dunhuang. Therefore, I should say that the newly collated texts are of better quality. The Yin Yuan Xin Lun Shi Kai Jue Ji should have been written by a certain monk in Dunhuang, probably an eminent one running a free school under the domination of the ancient Tibet. It is regrettable that we now have no material from which we can find out his name. It deals with Nagarjuna's two originals properly and elucidates the theory of the Madhyamika clearly. If we read the three texts comparatively, we can reach profounder understanding of the Indian Buddhist ideology of the Madhyamika. The Kai Jue Ji was included into the 85th volume of the Dazangjing, but the master copy of the text kept in England was fragmentary at the end; and it was the only version and had no collated text with it. The text published here in this number has been collated according to four versions among the surviving books from Dunhuang and has essentially restored the true features of the initial Chinese text. I am assured that the publication of the three re-collated texts will be beneficial to those who make studies of Nagarjuna and the ideology of the Madhyamika.

The Jingangjing (Vajracchedikaprajnaparamitasutra) is a very important Buddhist work, which has been translated into Chinese for six times in China since antiquity. The most popular translation of the text has been that produced by Kumarajiva; therefore, most of the currently circular commentaries on the Jingangjing just annotate the translation by him. In the surviving books from Dunhuang, Kumarajiva's translation and the related commentaries form the bulk of all the extant Jingangjing and its commentaries. The Jingangjing Shu published in this number, however, is a commentary on the translation by Bodhiruci in the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534 AD), so it is more precious. Moreover, the explanatory notes of this text on the Jingangjing are precise, appropriate, brief, and to the point, so it has been regarded as one of the highly rated commentaries on the scripture. Nevertheless, this commentary has never been recorded in any catalog of the Buddhist Cannon through the ages, and has never been collected into any of the Dazangjing of the past dynasties. Fortunately, it was discovered in the Beijing Library a few years ago. It consists of three parts and are labeled from No.1 to No.3. After careful identification, we find out that the three numbers of the text share the same stylistic rules and layout and the same wording, and their content is successive from one to the another. We come to the conclusion that they. are torn parts of the same text. Besides, the pages of the transcript once fell off. The later mender was careless; therefore, the extant transcript was out of order. We have restored its proper order in the newly collated text. After we put the three numbers together, the surviving content of the commentary is equal to that from the 14th to the 32th fen (section) in the version of the Jingangjing by Gumarajiva; this means that it is still fragmentary as far as the beginning part is concerned. But what is exciting is that the beginning part of the text has been discovered recently among the surviving books from Dunhuang preserved in England by Mr. ZHAO Ruihe, who is now participating in cataloging the surviving books from Dunhuang in the Beijing Library. Thus, although this text has not yet become perfect, it is almost complete at last. What is regrettable is that parts of some pages have been missing, so the meaning of the text is disconnected at intervals. Even the text kept in England can not closely match and mend the text kept in the Beijing Library. It is just like the broken armed Venus de Milo; while impressing one with unique sensuous beauty, it makes him deeply regretful. However, as it is the natural law for the moon to wax and wane, nothing in this world can be so perfect that it leaves no regrets.

During the reign of the ancient Tibet, there emerged in Dunhuang a Buddhist bhadanta named Facheng, who was well versed in both Chinese and Tibetan and translated a great number of scriptures into the two languages. As an eminent monk running a free school, he lectured on sutras and sastras and taught doctrines to his disciples during breaks in translation. Now the collections of the surviving books from Dunhuang contain a lot of notebooks used by the disciples while attending his lectures. The Yu Jia Lun Juan Di Si Shou Ji, published in this number, is one of the notebooks. This kind of notebooks, also named Sui Ting Ji or Sui Ting Shu, contain notes made by the disciples when they were attending the lectures on the Yogacarabhumisastra given by Facheng. Many a such notebook is kept in the surviving books from Dun-huang. The 85th volume of the Dazhengzang contains only a small portion of them. A number of years ago, Mr. Daishun UEYAMA, the Japanese scholar we mentioned above, after having made a relatively exhaustive search of these notebooks, reorganized them and listed them in a table, which is available in his book entitled A Study of Buddhism in Dunhuang. Since then, a number of new material has been discovered. We plan to try our best to sort out the relevant literature, because both Facheng himself and his thinking are of considerable significance to the studies of both local Buddhism in Dunhuang and SinoTibetan Buddhist exchanges, and the related texts have never been included into any of the Dazangjing of the past dynasties in China yet. However, the notebooks are really too many, and the handwriting is generally rather informal and illegible, making collation a very troublesome job. As a result, we can only offer these would-be texts to our readers step by step in accordance with the space available in our Buddhist Texts Not Contained in the Tripitaka as well as the progress of our collation.

One text is published in the section "Doubtful and Spurious Works".

According to Buddhist tradition, Buddha had both 32 obvious physical features (dvatrimsamahapurusalaksana) and 80 subtle physical points (asityanuvyanjanani) of a great man. Both the miraculous physical features and the excellent physical points are objects for monks to watch and speculate while sitting in meditation. Many scriptures have discussed the details of these physical features and points. The Xiang Hao Jing published in this number is composed of relevant passages taken from both the Guan Xiang Pin and the Ben Xing Pin of the Guan Fo San Mei Hai Jing. According to Chinese Buddhist tradition, these scriptures should be regarded as spurious ones. Owing to their status, most of them have lacked necessary collation, so there have appeared all kinds of variant versions during the period of their circulation. So are the Tian Gong Jing and the Fo Mu Jing published in the first number and the Xiang Hao Jing published in this number, the case of the latter being more complicated. According to the information available, the Xiang Had Jing has five different versions, which can be divided into two major systems. Except a small number of minor doubtful and spurious works such as the Xin Pu Sa Jing, the case like this was really rare in ancient China. Therefore, we may discuss whether these different versions should be collated into one text or should be collated and kept as separate variant versions. The Xiang Hao Jing published here is to provide the readers with some basic material for reference in this area.

One paper is brought forth in the section "Research Papers".

In 1930's, a monk named Fan Cheng discovered the Jinzang in the Guangsheng Temple in Zhaocheng County, Shanxi Province, and Jiang Weixin published his Jinzang Diaoyin Shimo Kao (A History of the Jinzang) - The Jinzang has gained increasing reputation ever since. Nevertheless, people are not very clear all the time about the process of the engraving, printing, and circulation of the Jinzang because of lacking material. Jiang Weixin put forth a hypothesis that the engraved blocks for printing the Jinzang had been transported to the capital (then named Yanjing) and were stored in the Hongfa Temple; people later engraved some more blocks and produced the Hongfazang. This has remained an unsolved mystery, though many scholars in the academic circles have accepted the hypothesis. The Jinzang Xin Ziliao Kao ( A Study of the New Material Concerning the Jinzang ) published in this number is the result of a serious study of two notes on the Jinzang found in the Qishazang, which was produced successively in the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) and is now preserved in the Beijing Library. I trust that this paper will be very useful for clarifying various statements on the Jinzang.

Finally a few words about the size and form of the Chinese characters used in our book.

No.5 block characters were used for most of the texts published in the first two numbers of the Buddhist Texts Not Contained in the Tripitaka. If comments and notes appeared in the same text. No.5 Song typeface characters were used for printing. Our purpose was to publish more texts within limited space by using smaller sized characters. However, after reading the first two books, many readers have pointed out that the character size is too small and inconvenient especially to senior readers. Therefore, beginning from this number, we shall use No.4 (small) block characters for texts proper and No.4 (small) Song typeface characters for comments and notes. We shall continue to apply No.5 Song typeface characters (for the purpose of book printing) to explanatory notes on titles and research papers. Each forthcoming number of the Buddhist Texts Not Contained in the Tripitaka will still contain 300 thousand characters or so after we have enlarged the size of the characters used in most part of the book.

1994年夏年に《藏外佛教文献》の编集准备を开始してより早くも2年余りの岁月を经てここにその第三辑を送ることとなつた第一辑の出版以来多くの读者を得海内外より大きな反响が寄せられたこの事业に对する热い期待や大藏经未收の新しい佛教文献の情报提供や校录に对する补正意见やさらにはこの企㓰の永续を希望して出资を申し出られた方もあつたここに编集委员を代表し本书の成长に关心を寄せられた读者のかたがたに谨んで衷心より御礼を申しあげたいまた本书の出版にあたつて援助を惜しまれなかつた中国佛教文化研究所香港志莲净苑山西省佛教文化事业总公司ならびにその他の机关と个人に对し心より谢意を表する次第であるこうしたかたがたの支持と援助を得て《藏外佛教文献》の刊行が今后とも顺调に进みその历史的使命を完うするであろうことを坚く信ずるものである

以下にこの第三辑所载の文献につき简单な绍介をしておきたい

「敦煌禅籍」の部には二篇の敦煌禅文献を收める

《菩萨总持法》は慧能系の南宗に属する人の撰述で内容は菩提达摩に假托された《观心论》と类似した部分をもちその关系の解明が悬案となつているこの文献は最初田中良昭氏がペリオコレクシヨン中より發见して录文と研究を發表された今回は上山大峻氏と敦煌研究院の若手研究者袁德领氏が北京图书馆で新たに發见された写本をも參照して《藏外佛教文献》の体例に从い更めて整理した新しい校录本を提供する敦煌学はすでに世界的扩がりをもつ学问であり佛教文献の整理はもともと精确さを断えず要求される事业であるしたがつて世界の学者が敦煌遗书中の佛教文献の整理を手がけすでに整理を经た文献についてもいつそう精确さを求めるべく努力を重ねともにこの世界的全人类的文化事业を推进してゆくことをわれわれは愿つているそうした校录の成果をこの《藏外佛教文献》に發表されることは大欢迎である

《大乘起世论》も慧能系の南宗禅に属する人の作品であるこの文献に表われた南宗禅は思想的にはいつそう成熟度を增しスタイルにおいてはすでに棒喝に似た机锋をのぞかせているこの写本の书写年代が吐蕃占领期であることからこの论自体の成立はほぼ8世纪前半と考えられる《五灯会元》などの后世の禅籍に亲しんだ读者 ならばこの文献を读んで少しも违和感がないはずであるすなわち南宗禅の若干の宗风はこの文献の成立年代の顷まで溯り得るわけでこれは禅の研究にかならずや重要な意义をもつであろういつも考えるのだが禅宗ははたして佛教理论を未曾有の高みに推し上げたのだろうかあるいは佛教理论を行き场のない袋小路へ推しやつたのだろうかわたしはこの问题にいまだ结论を出せないでいるがこの文献は禅思想の發展の历程を追究するうえで新しい资料を提供することになろう

《藏外佛教文献》では以后もひきつづき敦煌禅文献の整理に努力してゆく所存である各界友人の指导と支持を期待する

「三藏论述」の部には六篇の文献を收める

唐の道液撰《净名经集解关中疏》の上卷を第二辑に發表したが本辑には下卷を登载するこの文献は《大正藏》第85卷には收められていたが第五品の后半から第七品前半部分约1万字を脱しており底本そのものもよいとは言えず加えて校异も不完全である本辑登载の下卷にはこの脱落部分が含まれているので关心をもつ人の注意を引くことになろうまた细心な读者ならばこの下卷に含まれる《维摩诘所说经》の大藏经传本中の若干の误字が校定して改めてあることにも气づかれるであろう《维摩诘所说经》のような千年も流传し大藏经中に收められ前代の多くの人の校勘を经てきた重要な经典にも遗憾なことにその大藏传本には些少の误字があるのである《维摩诘所说经》のみならず《妙法莲华经》や《俱舍论》などにも同样の问题がある佛教文献の整理の难しさはここにあり今日のわれわれが更めて佛教文献の整理を手がけることの必要性もまたここにある

《因缘心论颂》《因缘心论释》と《因缘心论释开决记》の三篇は一连のものであるこのうちの前二著はインド佛教の理论家で中观学说の创始者龙树の撰にかかる缘起论はシヤカの创始した初期佛教の基本理论であるが十二有支生灭论を通して世界の万物がある条件によつて生まれ存续し生灭することを说明しそこから有为法の不可怙恃性涅槃法の真实性を论证したシヤカの理论的体系において缘起论は世界万有の存在方式に对する一解释であるが世界万有の存在そのものを否定したのではないしかし龙树は万有がある条件によつて存在し变化するものならばその条件のあることが最も基本的万有そのものは派生的なのであつてここから「缘起性空」なる中观学说の基本理论を导き出したこの《因缘心论颂》と《因缘心论释》は龙树が初期佛教の缘起论を缘起性空说へと变革した重要な著作として龙树の全著述および中观理论の中で特殊な地位を占めているただ遗憾なことにこの重要な著作は8世纪のごろ西北の地で译出されながら中原には传わることなくしたがつて中国传统の大藏经にも收录されなかつた今世纪になつて敦煌遗书中より發见されるやはなはだ贵重视されてただちに《大正藏》第32卷に收められたのであるしかし《大正藏》に收录された本文はただ二本のスタイン本による校勘のみなので若干の误りがある本辑に發表した《因缘心论颂》は七本《因缘心论释》は八本の敦煌遗书にもとづく校录であるからこの新しい校录本文の质は比较的高いといえよう《因缘心论释开决记》はおそらく吐蕃统治期の敦煌の义学僧による撰述と思われるがその姓名を考证する资料を目下见いだすことはできない《开决记》は龙树の颂と释に对してかなり正确な把握をしており中观理论に对するすぐれた解明となつているこの三篇を对照させて读めばインド佛教の 中观思想について深い理解が得られようこれもかつて《大正藏》第85卷に录文が收められたがそれは后尾部残阙のスタイン本で校勘を经たものではなかつた本辑に整理發表した校录本は四本の敦煌遗书にもとづきこの文献の本来のすがたを基本的に恢复したこうした三篇の文献の再整理が龙树と中观思想の研究者を裨益するものであることを信ずる

《金刚经》は重要な经典であり六度にわたつて翻译がおこなわれたなかでも鸠摩罗什の翻译はもつとも广く流通ししたがつて现在传わる《金刚经》注疏がもとづくものはおおむね罗什译であつた敦煌遗书の中でも罗什译とその注疏が《金刚经》および注疏の殆んどを占めているしかし本辑に發表した《金刚经疏》は北魏の菩提流支译に对する注疏であつてはなはだ贵重である加えて释义も简明にして要を得《金刚经》のすぐれた注疏と言うことができる历代の经录に著录されず大藏经にも收录されなかつたものが数年前に北京图书馆で三本發见され鉴定をへてこの三本が书式文字ともに同じで前后相连续する同一文献でありのちに三つに裂かれたものであることが确认されたしかもこの写本の各纸はいちど剥れて脱落し后人が补缀したとき不注意で顺序に错乱が生じていたのを今回正してもとの状态に恢复したのであるこの三本を缀合した注疏现存部分は罗什译の第十四分から第三十二分に相当し首部は残阙のままであつたが最近この首部が北京图书馆敦煌遗书の目录作成に參加された赵瑞禾氏によつてロンドンのスタイン本中より發现されたただ北京图书馆本とスタイン本は完全にはつながらず写本の一部に残损があつて完璧ではないけれどもほぼ全体を复原しえたのであるあたかもミロのヴイ—ナスのごとく残阙の美を感じさせはするがやはり残念に思わせずにはおかないしかしまた考えてみれば满ち缺けは天の理人间の万事はおおむね最后にちよつぴり惜しい部分をのこすものなのであろう

吐蕃统治期の敦煌に活跃した大德沙门法成は汉语チベツト语ともに精通し多くの经典を汉语あるいはチベツト语に翻译したかれはまた教理学にもひいで弟子たちに经论を讲义し佛教理论を传授した敦煌遗书中にはこれらの弟子たが当时听讲して书きとめたノ—トが多く遗されている本辑に發表した《瑜伽论卷第四手记》はそのひとつである弟子たちが法成の讲ずる《瑜伽师地论》を听いて笔录した《手记》はまた《随听记》《随听疏》とも呼ばれ敦煌遗书中に多く遗されており《大正藏》第85卷に收められたのはそのごく一部にすぎない数年前に上山大峻氏がこれらの《手记》を广く收集整理して一览表にされた(《敦煌佛教の研究》)がその后また若干の新资料も發见されているので补う必要がある法成の阅历と思想は敦煌の佛教と汉族チベツト佛教の交流を研究するさい重要な意味をもつているが历代のどの大藏经にも收录されなかつたわれわれはこれらの关系资料をできうる限り整理してゆきたいと考えているただ份量がはなはだ多くかつこれらの《手记》は听讲时のノ—トであるゆえに文字の书きかたも杂で规范に合わぬものが多く整理には大きな困难がともなうしたがつて本书の纸幅の都合と整理の进步に应じておいおい發表してゆくつもりである

「疑偽经」の部には文献一篇を收める

佛教の传统では佛は三十二相八十种好をそなえ修行者が禅定を修する时の观想の对像とされ多くの经典に相好の具体的内容が详细に述べられている本辑に發表した《相好经》は《观佛三昧海经》の「观相品」と「本行品」から关连する内容を摘录し缀り合わせて成つたもので中国佛教の传统にてらせばこの种の经典は偽经と见なされる偽经であるということからそのほとんどに必要な整理がなされずその结果传承の过程で种种の异本を生み出す第一辑に發表した《天公经》《佛母经》がそうであつたし本辑の《相好经》も同样で样相はもつと复杂であるこれを整理した现阶段でいうと《相好经》には五本の异本があり二大系统に分かれるひとつの经典は时代の流れのなかでかくも错杂した异本をもつのは古代においては《新菩萨经》など少数の小规模の疑偽经のほかあまりないことであるむろんある异本间の差异はさほとでもなくはたしてそれらを一本に整理してよいかそれとも区別して异本とすべきかよく研究しなければならない本辑に發表した《相好经》もそうした疑偽经の异本分化の研究と检讨のために一资料として提供するものである

「研究论文」の部には论文一篇を收める

1930年代に范成和尚が山西赵城广胜寺より《金藏》を發见し蒋唯心が《金藏雕印始末考》を發表してより《金藏》の评价は日增しに高まつてきたが资料に乏しいこともあつて《金藏》の雕印およびその后の流通过程についはいまひとつ明确でなかつたとりわけ《金藏》の版木が都に运ばれて弘法寺に保管されそののち补雕をへて《弘法藏》となつたという假说は蒋唯心氏が提出して学界に广い支持を得たもののなお未解决の悬案となつている本辑に發表した《金藏新资料考》は北京图书馆に藏する明代递修《碛砂藏》から见出された《金藏》に关する二篇の题记について考证したものでこれが《金藏》をめぐる问题の彻底的解决に资するものであることは疑いない

さいごに全体にかかわるいくつかの问题について说明しておきたい《藏外佛教文献》の第一二辑に整理發表した文献には5号の楷书体を用い注疏を含む文献は本文を5号楷书体注疏部分を5号书细明体を用いることを原则とし一部の特殊な版面作成を要するものは正文に适当な大きいポイントを用い题解や研究论文などは一律に5号书细明体を用いてきたこれは限られた纸幅を最大限に活かしてできるだけ多くの文献を揭载したいと考えたからであるが出版后すくなからざるかたがたから文字が小さすぎて老人には读むに耐えない文字を大きくしてもらえまいかとの意见があつたそこでこの第三辑からは文献の正文を小4号楷书体注疏部分を小4号书宋体に改めることとした题解と研究论文は一律5号书宋体のままである文字は大きくしたが本书の规模は每辑30万字前后で基本的に变わらない

1996年12月


校注

[A1] re-collated【CB】recollated【藏外】
[A2] often ponder【CB】oftenponder【藏外】
[A3] 〔-〕【CB】of 【藏外】
[A4] re-collate【CB】recollate【藏外】
[A5] Dunhuang【CB】Dnhuang【藏外】
[A6] re-collated【CB】recollated【藏外】
[A7] beneficial【CB】benifitial【藏外】
[A8] discovered【CB】discoverd【藏外】
[A9] Beijing【CB】Bejing【藏外】
[A10] broken armed【CB】brokenarmed【藏外】
[A11] literature【CB】literture【藏外】
[A12] notebooks【CB】noteboks【藏外】
[A13] physical【CB】physcal【藏外】
[A14] systems【CB】systyms【藏外】
[A15] published【CB】publisged【藏外】
[A16] numbers【CB】nembers【藏外】

内容源自:漢文大藏經,繁转简后提供

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